Russian Peasent Math: Multiplication and Exponentiation

if b is even, a*b is (a*2)*(b/2). If b is odd, a*b is ((a*2)*(b/2) + a) where b/2 is an integer divide, e.g. the result is rounded down. If we apply this fact recursivly, we have the following method:

To put a number a times a number b into a number c:
Set a number c to zero.
While b is more than zero
	if b is odd, add a to c.
	Double a. Halve b.

In C, this might be:

unsigned int mult_rp(unsigned int a, unsigned int b){
	int c = 0; // initialize result
	while (b > 0) {
		if (b & 1) //odd?
			c += a; //accumulate
		a <<= 1; //shift left 1 bit, doubling
        	b >>= 1; //shift right 1 bit, halving
		}
	return c;
	}

Exponentiation

This is also useful for raising a number to an exponent with the minimum number of multiplications, but instead of starting with 0, we start with 1, and instead of adding and doubling, we multiply and square.

int exp_rp(int a, int b) {
	c = 1; //initialize to 1 instead of 0
	while (b > 0) {
		if (b & 1) //odd?
			c *= a; //multiply the result by a
		b >>= 1; //shift right 1 bit, halving
		a *= a; //square
		}
	return c;
	}

See also:

• http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.peasant.html Imagine multiplying 9 * 8 as counting the squares in a set of blocks stacked 8 high and 9 wide. Now re-arrange them half as high, e.g. 4 high; they will be 18 columns wide. And again; 2 high, 6 wide, and finally, 1 block high: There are 72 blocks in a line. Now think of multiplying 8 * 9 or a set of blocks 9 high and 8 wide. Because we can't restack them exactly half as high, we take off the top row of 8 and set them aside, then we continue with 4 high, 16 wide, 2 high, 32 wide, 1 high 64 wide... plus the 8 we put aside is 72. Notice we "put blocks aside" when the stack was an odd number of blocks high; when it was 9 high, and in both cases, when they were 1 high.